Glossary entry (derived from question below)
French term or phrase:
(passe d’une cellule à l’autre) par les développements, des prolongements
English translation:
via outgrowths, protrusions
Added to glossary by
Michele Fauble
Aug 29, 2017 07:08
6 yrs ago
French term
(passe d’une cellule à l’autre) par les développements, des prolongements
French to English
Science
Biology (-tech,-chem,micro-)
neurotransmission
This is the voiceover for a video interview about "théorie du neurone" for a Belgian university museum. Translation needs to be as natural as possible and I don't think "developments, extensions" is going to cut it.... Would "(nerve impulses) pass from one cell to another by bridging a gap" cover the meaning? I'm not looking for translations for the two words (so it's not two separate questions!), more a "normal" way of expressing the concept. The diagram that appears on the video at this point shows tendril-like roots reaching out (OK, extending) towards one another.
Interviewee is talking about the early days of neuroscience research:
... plusieurs chercheurs vont montrer que comme tous les autres tissus du corps humain, le cerveau est constitué de cellules donc d’unités, d’unités fonctionnelles et que l’afflux nerveux passe d’une cellule à l’autre par les développements, des prolongements qu’on voyait très bien au microscope grâce à des colorations particulières [= Golgi method]
I think "afflux" should probably be "influx" (nerve impulses) (text is a transcription).
Interviewee is talking about the early days of neuroscience research:
... plusieurs chercheurs vont montrer que comme tous les autres tissus du corps humain, le cerveau est constitué de cellules donc d’unités, d’unités fonctionnelles et que l’afflux nerveux passe d’une cellule à l’autre par les développements, des prolongements qu’on voyait très bien au microscope grâce à des colorations particulières [= Golgi method]
I think "afflux" should probably be "influx" (nerve impulses) (text is a transcription).
Proposed translations
(English)
Change log
Aug 30, 2017 17:53: Michele Fauble Created KOG entry
Proposed translations
-1
10 hrs
Selected
by growths, protrusions
Dendrites are one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being an axon.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrite
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Note added at 10 hrs (2017-08-29 18:02:50 GMT)
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Possible improvement'
'cell outgrowths, protrusions'
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Note added at 4 days (2017-09-03 00:13:48 GMT) Post-grading
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Anatomy of a neuron. Neurons, like other cells, have a cell body (called the soma). ... Various processes (appendages or protrusions) extend from the cell body. These include many short, branching processes, known as dendrites, and a separate process that is typically longer than the dendrites, known as the axon.
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/ne...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrite
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Note added at 10 hrs (2017-08-29 18:02:50 GMT)
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Possible improvement'
'cell outgrowths, protrusions'
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Note added at 4 days (2017-09-03 00:13:48 GMT) Post-grading
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Anatomy of a neuron. Neurons, like other cells, have a cell body (called the soma). ... Various processes (appendages or protrusions) extend from the cell body. These include many short, branching processes, known as dendrites, and a separate process that is typically longer than the dendrites, known as the axon.
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/ne...
Peer comment(s):
disagree |
Sue Davis
: no protrusions is absolutely incorrect, having taught neuroanatomy for 8 years
4 days
|
'Process' is a technical term not understood by the general public in its anatomical sense. See asker's context and grading comment for why she chose a generally understood term.
|
4 KudoZ points awarded for this answer.
Comment: "I'm probably flying in the face of the biologists'/neuroscientists' advice but I just don't agree that the specific meaning of "processes" would be readily understood by a wide audience (OK, it's a university museum, but the visitors aren't necessarily academics - in fact they cover a wide age range as well). And there's no time for any further explanation in the voiceover. I'm not trying to dumb it down either. I've opted for via outgrowths/protrusions. Thanks, everyone! Fascinating discussion :-)"
+4
16 mins
neuronal growths, processes
Here process = prominence or projection, and refers to axons and dendrites
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Note added at 19 mins (2017-08-29 07:27:44 GMT)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurite
A neurite or neuronal process refers to any projection from the cell body of a neuron. This projection can be either an axon or a dendrite. The term is frequently used when speaking of immature or developing neurons, especially of cells in culture, because it can be difficult to tell axons from dendrites before differentiation is complete
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Note added at 20 mins (2017-08-29 07:29:18 GMT)
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http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/neuronal pro... (noo'ron?) [Gr. neuron, nerve, sinew]
Enlarge picture
NEURON STRUCTURE
A nerve cell, the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. A neuron consists of a cell body (perikaryon) and its processes, an axon and one or more dendrites. Neurons function in the initiation and conduction of impulses. They transmit impulses to other neurons or cells by releasing neurotransmitters at synapses. Alternatively, a neuron may release neurohormones into the bloodstream. Synonym: nerve cell See: illustrationneuronal (noor''on-al), adjective
afferent neuron
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Note added at 24 mins (2017-08-29 07:33:24 GMT)
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Nerve impulses (action potentials) are basically electrical signals generated by depolarisation of a neuron; this travels along an axon, at the terminal a neurotransmitter is released which cross the interneuronal gap (synapse) binds to receptors on the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron, where it exerts and excitatory or inhibitory effect.
http://www.dummies.com/education/science/understanding-the-t...
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Note added at 25 mins (2017-08-29 07:34:27 GMT)
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Process is therefore a general word applying to both axons and dendrites which mediate communication between neurons.
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Note added at 27 mins (2017-08-29 07:36:32 GMT)
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so développement = growth or outgrowth (I wonder if it is necessary here?)
prolongement = process
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Note added at 29 mins (2017-08-29 07:38:35 GMT)
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Prolongement translated as axon and dendrite here
http://dictionnaire.academie-medecine.fr/?q=prolongement
however neuronal process covers both
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Note added at 35 mins (2017-08-29 07:44:31 GMT)
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See several images of Golgi stained neurons showing cell body, axon (thickest process) and dendrites
https://www.wired.com/2013/02/you-wish-your-neurons-were-thi...
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Note added at 19 mins (2017-08-29 07:27:44 GMT)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurite
A neurite or neuronal process refers to any projection from the cell body of a neuron. This projection can be either an axon or a dendrite. The term is frequently used when speaking of immature or developing neurons, especially of cells in culture, because it can be difficult to tell axons from dendrites before differentiation is complete
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Note added at 20 mins (2017-08-29 07:29:18 GMT)
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http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/neuronal pro... (noo'ron?) [Gr. neuron, nerve, sinew]
Enlarge picture
NEURON STRUCTURE
A nerve cell, the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. A neuron consists of a cell body (perikaryon) and its processes, an axon and one or more dendrites. Neurons function in the initiation and conduction of impulses. They transmit impulses to other neurons or cells by releasing neurotransmitters at synapses. Alternatively, a neuron may release neurohormones into the bloodstream. Synonym: nerve cell See: illustrationneuronal (noor''on-al), adjective
afferent neuron
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Note added at 24 mins (2017-08-29 07:33:24 GMT)
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Nerve impulses (action potentials) are basically electrical signals generated by depolarisation of a neuron; this travels along an axon, at the terminal a neurotransmitter is released which cross the interneuronal gap (synapse) binds to receptors on the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron, where it exerts and excitatory or inhibitory effect.
http://www.dummies.com/education/science/understanding-the-t...
--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 25 mins (2017-08-29 07:34:27 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------
Process is therefore a general word applying to both axons and dendrites which mediate communication between neurons.
--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 27 mins (2017-08-29 07:36:32 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------
so développement = growth or outgrowth (I wonder if it is necessary here?)
prolongement = process
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Note added at 29 mins (2017-08-29 07:38:35 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------
Prolongement translated as axon and dendrite here
http://dictionnaire.academie-medecine.fr/?q=prolongement
however neuronal process covers both
--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 35 mins (2017-08-29 07:44:31 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------
See several images of Golgi stained neurons showing cell body, axon (thickest process) and dendrites
https://www.wired.com/2013/02/you-wish-your-neurons-were-thi...
Peer comment(s):
agree |
Tony M
20 mins
|
Thanks Tony!
|
|
agree |
Nikki Scott-Despaigne
: Depending on target and/or rest of text, then "process/projection" could be used with "extension". E.g. "Extensions known as processes". Ordinary words which are technical in context but which can be dealt with simply.
2 hrs
|
Thanks Nikki
|
|
agree |
B D Finch
2 hrs
|
Thanks!
|
|
agree |
Eric BILLY
: neuronal processes
2 days 1 hr
|
1 hr
extending (over the gap)
if you're not looking for a technical term, what's wrong with extension?
Peer comment(s):
neutral |
Tony M
: Except that Asker's phrase as it stands requires a noun.
15 mins
|
neutral |
Nikki Scott-Despaigne
: Whilst this is what happens - I suppose you are referring to the synapse - this is notmentionned in this part of the text.
44 mins
|
neutral |
Sue Davis
: sorry meant to check neutral not agree, what does extending over the gap mean
3 hrs
|
+1
2 hrs
(passes from one cell to the next) via growths, extensions
The fine extensions can be seen under a microscope after staining.
Peer comment(s):
agree |
Nikki Scott-Despaigne
: This solution works too.//Sue's idea of a technical/non-technical mix is a good one.
12 mins
|
Thank you :)
|
|
neutral |
Sue Davis
: I would say these are two non-technical terms, a technical and a non-technical is better
2 hrs
|
Discussion
The original uses two terms that are pretty much synonymous so there is a fair bit of latitude here anyway. That said, and I am nitpicking here, "protrusion" suggests something that just sticks out and that it shorter than "prolongement". For me "extension" would have been a teensy weensy bit more faithful to the original. ;-)
But yes, good exchange of ideas!
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28067280
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27511006
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27026294
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26525655
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25791436
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25206792
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23929725
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23758129
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23442968
etc. etc etc
The text is obviously meant to simplify and illustrate the structures of neurons and synapses that allow the influx to go from one cell to another. So I would recommend to rather use the valid and scientific terms that can be understood by all of us: neuronal structure or projection (most likely, dendrites) that are easily stained and visualized under microscope.
Nikki that this context requires the use of technically correct terms, especially as the text also includes an explanatory lay term.
@Tony, a small number of neurones do work mechanically, but most communicate chemically, across a gap known as a synapse. So, neurones do communicate magically across a gap! Kids study neurones at various points in their science classes these days, so a very basic knowledge can be assumed.
McGill, not a bad place to start : http://lecerveau.mcgill.ca/flash/pop/pop_pres/�cole profs She...
As for pitching it for a uni museum, check the Science Musuem's website : http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/whoami/findoutmore/yourbrain...
The key point I was really trying to make is that these "développements, prolongements" are "things that stick out", and it is in my view counter-productive to then introduce the notion of "bridging a gap" — they might be considered as some kind of 'gangway' that makes the gap to be bridged narrower, but surely it is the 'extension' aspect that needs to be emphasized here rather than the 'gap'.
This is an interesting read (how nerves 'fire'): https://www.verywell.com/what-is-an-action-potential-2794811
I haven't studied this in depth, but I know the general theory, which was included in many of the Bio courses I took.
Definitely NOT! — and your own text explains why! The whole point is that they DON'T somehow magically leap across a gap in space — as Sue's expert explanation shows, the neurons actually extend from one cell to another to carry the impulses — in a simplistic image, like 'wires' in an electrical circuit.