Co do zasady wszczęcie postępowania prywatnoskargowego może się toczyć tylko na skutek skargi osoby pokrzywdzonej. Skarga ta przybiera formę prywatnego aktu oskarżenia.

https://sprawy-karne.biz.pl/publicznoskargowe-wnioskowe-pryw...

A private prosecution is a criminal proceeding initiated by an individual private citizen or private organisation (such as a prosecution association) instead of by a public prosecutor who represents the state.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_prosecution

Autorzy: Marek Kulik.
Tytuł: Glosa do postanowienia Sądu Najwyższego z 20 kwietnia 2017 r., II KK 116/17
Tytuł angielski: Commentary to the Decision of the Supreme Court of 20 April 2017, II KK 116/17
Czasopismo: Forum Prawnicze
Szczegóły: 2018 : nr 1, s. 86-95.
Uwagi: Bibliogr.
ISSN: 2081-688X
Typ publikacji: ARP
Język publikacji: PL
Punktacja ministerstwa: 11.000
Praca afiliowana przez UMCS
Polskie hasła przedmiotowe:
Przedawnienie
Czyn ciągły
Przestępstwo prywatnoskargowe
Oskarżyciel prywatny
Pokrzywdzony

Angielskie hasła przedmiotowe:
Limitation
Continuous action
Offence prosecuted on private accusation
Private prosecutor
Disadvantaged
http://libases.umcs.lublin.pl/cgi-bin/expertus.exe?KAT=c:\ex...


offence prosecuted on private accusation
rzeczownik
przestępstwo ścigane z oskarżenia prywatnego\https://www.diki.pl/slownik-angielskiego?q=offence prosecute...
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Preferred form: przestępstwo prywatnoskargowe / offence prosecuted on private accusation.
https://e-pbp.inp.pan.pl/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail...

What is Civil Tort Law?
Civil Tort Law is a very broad area of the law that covers wrongdoing by one individual against another. A tort is a civil wrong, other than a breach of contract, that causes harm or loss. The person or entity that commits the wrong can be held liable for the loss or damage they cause.

The purpose of tort law is to compensate victims and hopefully deter or discourage wrongdoing. Tort law provides a way for injured parties to recover monetary damages for foreseeable harm that was caused by, or was the direct result of, the other party’s breach of their duty of care. The standard of care is that of a reasonable person in a similar situation.

Wrongdoing includes things that cause physical or economic injury, pain and suffering, violate privacy, property, or constitutional rights, or damage a reputation,

https://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/civil-tort-la...

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Note added at 2 hrs (2021-09-03 13:53:17 GMT)
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Co do zasady wszczęcie postępowania prywatnoskargowego może się toczyć tylko na skutek skargi osoby pokrzywdzonej. Skarga ta przybiera formę prywatnego aktu oskarżenia. Osobny wpis poświęciłem wyjaśnieniu tego, jak przygotować prywatny akt oskarżenia.

Po wniesieniu prywatnego aktu oskarżenia sprawa trafia od razu do sądu. Policja i prokuratura nie są angażowane w sprawę. Sąd może jedynie polecić policji wykonanie określonych czynności dowodowych (np. uzyskanie określonego przedmiotu w toku przeszukania itp.)

Pokrzywdzony musi przez cały tok procesu sądowego czynnie popierać prywatny akt oskarżenia. Niestawiennictwo oskarżyciela prywatnego na posiedzeniu pojednawczym lub rozprawie głównej bez usprawiedliwienia oznacza odstąpienie od oskarżenia i będzie skutkować umorzeniem postępowania, chyba że już rozpoczął się przewód sądowy. Wówczas na umorzenie postępowania musi wyrazić zgodę oskarżony.

https://sprawy-karne.biz.pl/publicznoskargowe-wnioskowe-pryw...
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Criminal law prohibits and punishes wrongful conduct. The plaintiff—the party filing the complaint—is usually a government body acting as a representative of society. The defendant—the party charged in the complaint—may be an individual or an organization. Criminal punishment includes fines, imprisonment, or both. Civil law refers to law governing disputes between private parties. In civil cases, the plaintiff sues the defendant to obtain compensation for some wrong that the defendant has allegedly done the plaintiff.
Tort law covers torts, or civil wrongs—injuries done to someone’s person or property. The punishment in tort cases is the monetary compensation that the court orders the defendant to pay the plaintiff.

https://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/civil-tort-la...

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Note added at 6 hrs (2021-09-03 18:44:06 GMT)
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What is Civil Tort Law?
Civil Tort Law is a very broad area of the law that covers wrongdoing by one individual against another. A tort is a civil wrong, other than a breach of contract, that causes harm or loss. The person or entity that commits the wrong can be held liable for the loss or damage they cause.

The purpose of tort law is to compensate victims and hopefully deter or discourage wrongdoing. Tort law provides a way for injured parties to recover monetary damages for foreseeable harm that was caused by, or was the direct result of, the other party’s breach of their duty of care. The standard of care is that of a reasonable person in a similar situation.

Wrongdoing includes things that cause physical or economic injury, pain and suffering, violate privacy, property, or constitutional rights, or damage a reputation,

https://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/civil-tort-la...

Co do zasady wszczęcie postępowania prywatnoskargowego może się toczyć tylko na skutek skargi osoby pokrzywdzonej. Skarga ta przybiera formę prywatnego aktu oskarżenia.

- https://sprawy-karne.biz.pl/publicznoskargowe-wnioskowe-pryw...

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1017. The prosecution of offences by private accusation becomes time-barred after the passage of one year from the date when a victim learns about the identity of the perpetrator of an offence in question

- https://www.google.com/books/edition/Criminal_Law_in_Poland/...

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Thirdly, criminal offenses can be prosecuted by private accusation. These offenses are those against personal integrity and dignity (slight bodily injury, insult, defamation, simple assault), privacy (breach of domestic peace), secrecy of correspondence and telephone communication (wire-tapping) and copyrights (plagiarism).

- https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/wfbcjsp.pdf - page 13

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A private prosecutor may be a victim or the representative of a victim who raises and supports accusations in cases prosecuted by private accusation

- https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:fZhRtL... - page 3

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A third category of offences can be prosecuted by private accusation - https://t.ly/2Y4Q - page 261

offence actionable privately
offence prosecutable privately
privately actionable offence
privately prosecutable offence
privately prosecutable criminal offence
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Defamation remains privately actionable in the High Court (i.e. civil courts), with no limit to the damages available as a remedy.
https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201415/ldselect/ldco...

Those acts fell within the scope of privately prosecutable offences specified in Article 217 § 1 of the CC (breach of personal inviolability) or 157 § 2 of the CC (causing light bodily injuries) but could not be classified as ill-treatment.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&c...

The problem area is still the rare prosecution under the criminal law and the relatively low criminality of the cases of domestic violence which should be considered crimes. This is also due to the fact that the light and average injury that occurred between spouses and relatives is a privately prosecutable offense, under which the victim may file a complaint within 6 months.
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1103382/1930_1447148282_s...

Za: Kodeks Postępowania Karnego (Joanna Ewa Adamczyk), CH Beck, Wydanie II

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Note added at 1 day 22 hrs (2021-09-05 10:33:54 GMT)
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private accusation offence